Typhus abdominalis

Pregnancy: Safe if travel warrants vaccination.

Injectable typhoid ViCPS (Vi polysaccharide) vaccine is an inactivated subunit vaccine and is considered safe during pregnancy when the risk of typhoid fever warrants vaccination.

• Limited formal studies in pregnancy, but extensive post-marketing experience with no safety signals.

• Preferred over oral Ty21a (live vaccine) during pregnancy.

• WHO recommends vaccination for pregnant travelers to highly endemic areas (South Asia in particular).

Breastfeeding: Safe — no restrictions.

Injectable typhoid ViCPS vaccine is inactivated and poses no risk during breastfeeding. No modification to breastfeeding or vaccination schedule is required.

Pediatric use:

• Injectable ViCPS: licensed from 2 years of age.

• Children <2 years: ViCPS is not effective due to T-cell-independent polysaccharide response immaturity.

• Typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV, e.g., Typbar-TCV): licensed from 6 months — preferred for young children in endemic settings (WHO prequalified).

• Single 0.5 mL IM dose. Revaccinate every 2–3 years if continued exposure.

Geriatric use:

• No specific age-related concerns. Standard dose and schedule apply.

• Immune response may be slightly reduced in elderly adults, but clinically protective levels are typically achieved.

• Food and water precautions remain essential regardless of vaccination status.