Chanjo ya Polio ya Sindano (IPV — Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine) ni chanjo isiyohai inayotokana na aina tatu za poliovirus (aina ya 1, 2, na 3) zilizouawa kwa formalin. IPV ilitengenezwa kwa mara ya kwanza na Jonas Salk mwaka 1955. Aina kuu inayotumiwa ni IPOL (Sanofi Pasteur) na IPV katika chanjo mchanganyiko (pentavalent, hexavalent). Polio (poliomyelitis) ni ugonjwa wa virusi unaosababisha kupooza kwa kudumu na vifo. Dunia iko karibu kuutokomeza kabisa — mwaka 2023, visa 12 tu vya polioviru
Chanjo ya Polio ya Sindano (IPV — Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine) ni chanjo isiyohai inayotokana na aina tatu za poliovirus (aina ya 1, 2, na 3) zilizouawa kwa formalin. IPV ilitengenezwa kwa mara ya kwanza na Jonas Salk mwaka 1955. Aina kuu inayotumiwa ni IPOL (Sanofi Pasteur) na IPV katika chanjo mchanganyiko (pentavalent, hexavalent).
Polio (poliomyelitis) ni ugonjwa wa virusi unaosababisha kupooza kwa kudumu na vifo. Dunia iko karibu kuutokomeza kabisa — mwaka 2023, visa 12 tu vya poliovirus ya porini (WPV1) viliripotiwa duniani (Pakistan na Afghanistan peke yake). Hata hivyo, milipuko ya poliovirus inayotokana na chanjo (cVDPV) bado inaendelea katika nchi kadhaa, ikiwa ni pamoja na nchi za Afrika.
Katika mpango wa EPI wa Afrika Mashariki, IPV imejumuishwa kulingana na mapendekezo ya WHO ya 2014 — angalau dozi moja ya IPV kwa wiki 14 za umri, pamoja na OPV (Chanjo ya Polio ya Mdomo). Tanzania na Kenya zimeingiza IPV katika EPI tangu 2015.
Mpango wa Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) — ushirikiano wa WHO, UNICEF, Rotary International, CDC, na Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation — unalenga kutokomeza polio kabisa ifikapo 2027. Gavi inasaidia ununuzi wa IPV kwa nchi za kipato cha chini.
Mpango wa EPI (Afrika Mashariki):
Dozi 1 ya IPV kwa wiki 14 za umri (pamoja na OPV)
WHO inapendekeza angalau dozi 2 za IPV katika ratiba ya mpito
Tanzania/Kenya: dozi 1 ya IPV (wiki 14) + OPV (kuzaliwa, wiki 6, 10, 14)
Wasafiri wa kimataifa:
Wasafiri wote wanapaswa kuwa na chanjo kamili ya polio
Nchi zenye maambukizi hai (Pakistan, Afghanistan) au milipuko ya cVDPV: chanjo ya nyongeza inaweza kuhitajika
Baadhi ya nchi zinahitaji ushahidi wa chanjo ya polio kwa wageni kutoka nchi zenye maambukizi
Watu wazima wasio na chanjo:
Vikundi maalum:
Wahudumu wa afya wanaofanya kazi na poliovirus
Watu wanaoishi na VVU — IPV inapendekezwa zaidi kuliko OPV (si chanjo hai)
Pregnancy: Safe.
IPV (inactivated poliovirus vaccine) is safe during pregnancy.
Can be administered if the pregnant woman is at risk of polio exposure (travel to endemic areas: Afghanistan, Pakistan).
No teratogenic effects observed.
Pregnant women who need polio vaccination should receive IPV, never OPV.
Breastfeeding: Safe — no restrictions.
IPV is an inactivated vaccine and is completely safe during breastfeeding. No modification to breastfeeding schedule required.
Pediatric use:
Part of routine childhood immunization schedule worldwide.
Schedule (US/ACIP): 4 doses at 2, 4, 6–18 months, 4–6 years. Often given as part of combination vaccines (hexavalent: DTaP-IPV-Hib-HepB).
Minimum age: 6 weeks.
IPV does not cause vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) — this risk exists only with OPV.
Immunocompromised children must receive IPV (never OPV).
Dose: 0.5 mL IM or SC (all ages).
Geriatric use:
Adults with a completed primary series need only 1 lifetime booster if traveling to polio-endemic areas.
Unvaccinated adults: 3-dose series (0, 1–2, 6–12 months).
No upper age limit. No dose adjustment required.
Polio eradication is near-complete — endemic transmission persists only in Afghanistan and Pakistan (as of 2024).
| Kipimo | Chapa | Siku tangu iliyotangulia | Kipindi cha umri |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kipimo 1 | IPOL | — | 2 miezi+ (max: 2 miezi) |
| Kipimo 2 | IPOL | 60d | 4 miezi+ (max: 4 miezi) |
| Kipimo 3 | IPOL | 60d | 6 miezi+ (max: 2 miaka) |
| Kipimo 4 | IPOL | 1095d | 4 miaka+ (max: 6 miaka) |
Unajua chanjo unayohitaji? Vizuri. Hujui? Tuambie tu unaenda wapi — tutapata chanjo zinazofaa na kliniki. Bure, bila masharti.
Maudhui katika ukurasa huu ni kwa madhumuni ya habari na elimu pekee. Hayaundi ushauri wa kitabibu, utambuzi, au mapendekezo ya matibabu. Ikiwa una wasiwasi wa kiafya, wasiliana na mtaalamu wa afya aliyeidhinishwa. Medova si mtoa huduma za matibabu.
Masharti kamili ya matumizi