Wannan shafin yana aiwatar da ayyuka na asali kuma bai shirya don amfanin marasa lafiya ba tukuna.
Alurar rigakafin cutar Polio ta baki (Oral Polio Vaccine, OPV) magani ne mai rai da aka raunata wanda ake ba jarirai ta baki don kariya daga cutar Polio (shanye-shanye). OPV ita ce babbar kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da ita wajen yakin kawar da cutar Polio a duniya. A Nijeriya, OPV ita ce alurar Polio ta farko a jadawalin NPI. An yi amfani da ita wajen dubban yakin rigakafi da suka taimaka wajen kawar da Wild Poliovirus — Nijeriya da duk Afirka sun samu 'yanci daga Wild Poliovirus a shekarar 20
Alurar rigakafin cutar Polio ta baki (Oral Polio Vaccine, OPV) magani ne mai rai da aka raunata wanda ake ba jarirai ta baki don kariya daga cutar Polio (shanye-shanye). OPV ita ce babbar kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da ita wajen yakin kawar da cutar Polio a duniya.
A Nijeriya, OPV ita ce alurar Polio ta farko a jadawalin NPI. An yi amfani da ita wajen dubban yakin rigakafi da suka taimaka wajen kawar da Wild Poliovirus — Nijeriya da duk Afirka sun samu 'yanci daga Wild Poliovirus a shekarar 2020.
AMMA, kalubalen cVDPV2 (circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2) na ci gaba. NPHCDA na amfani da nOPV2 (novel OPV type 2) a yakin gaggawa don magance cVDPV2. Jadawalin NPI na yau da kullum yana amfani da bOPV (bivalent OPV — types 1 da 3) tare da IPV.
Wadanda ya kamata su samu alurar OPV:
Duk jarirai a Nijeriya (NPI):
OPV-0 (birth dose): A haihuwa ko da zarar za a iya
OPV-1: Makonni 6 (tare da Pentavalent-1)
OPV-2: Makonni 10 (tare da Pentavalent-2)
OPV-3: Makonni 14 (tare da Pentavalent-3 da IPV)
A yakin rigakafin na musamman (SIAs):
NPHCDA na gudanar da yakin rigakafin Polio na musamman akai-akai
Ana ba da OPV ga duk yara kasa da shekaru 5 — ko da sun riga sun samu alurar a baya
Karin allura ba ya da illa — ya fi amfani
nOPV2 (a yakin gaggawa don cVDPV2):
Ana ba da shi ga yara a yankunan da ake ganin barkewar cVDPV2
NPHCDA na yanke shawara game da yankunan bisa bayanan NCDC da WHO
Ba a ba da alurar OPV ga wadannan mutane ba:
Masu matsanancin raunin garkuwar jiki: OPV alura mai rai ce — tana iya haifar da VAPP (vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis) ga masu raunin garkuwar jiki. Ana ba da IPV maimakon OPV ga wannan rukunin.
Yara masu SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency).
Bayani mai muhimmanci:
Ba a hana ba da OPV ga yara masu HIV da ba su da alamun tsanani ba — WHO ta tabbatar da haka
Ba a hana ba da ita ga yara masu gudawa ba — ana ba da ita amma ana iya bukatar sake ba da allura
A yakin SIAs a Nijeriya, ba a da yawan hani — ana ba da ita ga kusan duk yara
Bambancin OPV da IPV:
OPV: Mai rai — tana da hadarin VAPP (1 cikin miliyan 2.7) amma tana samar da mucosal immunity mafi kyau
IPV: Ba mai rai ba — ba ta da hadarin VAPP amma ba ta samar da mucosal immunity sosai ba
Sakamako na alurar OPV:
Sakamako na yau da kullum: OPV tana daga cikin allurar da suka fi aminci — kusan babu sakamako na yau da kullum. Wasu jarirai na iya samun:
Dan gudawa mai sauki (da wuya)
Dan tashin zuciya
Sakamako masu tsanani (da wuya sosai):
VAPP (Vaccine-Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis): 1 cikin miliyan 2.7 na allura ta farko. Wannan na faruwa ne lokacin da kwayar cutar da ke cikin alurar ta canza kuma ta haifar da shanye-shanye. Shi ya sa kasashe da yawa suka canza zuwa IPV.
cVDPV (circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus): Idan kwayar cutar alurar ta yaduwa a al'ummar da ba ta da isassun rigakafi, tana iya canzawa kuma ta haifar da barkewar cutar. Wannan shi ne kalubalen da Nijeriya ke fuskanta da cVDPV2.
Bayani:
Hadarin VAPP da cVDPV ya sa WHO ke ba da shawarar duk kasashe su gabatar da IPV kuma a yi shirin daina OPV a nan gaba
nOPV2 ya fi aminci fiye da tsohon mOPV2 — yana da karancin hadarin haifar da cVDPV
Yadda ake ba da alurar OPV:
Hanyar ba da allura: Ta baki — ana saka digo 2 na magani a bakin jarirai. BA ALLURA BA — wannan ya sa OPV ta fi sauƙi a ba da ita fiye da IPV.
Jadawalin NPI na Nijeriya:
OPV-0: A haihuwa (birth dose) — tare da BCG
OPV-1: Makonni 6 — tare da Pentavalent-1
OPV-2: Makonni 10 — tare da Pentavalent-2
OPV-3: Makonni 14 — tare da Pentavalent-3 da IPV
Nau'o'in OPV:
bOPV (bivalent): Yana kare daga types 1 da 3 — shi ne abin da ake amfani da shi a jadawalin NPI tun bayan tOPV→bOPV switch a 2016
nOPV2 (novel type 2): Ana amfani da shi a yakin gaggawa don magance cVDPV2
mOPV2 (monovalent type 2): Tsohon nau'i — an maye gurbinsa da nOPV2
Ajiye alurar:
-20°C (frozen) don ajiya na tsawon lokaci
2-8°C a wuraren kiwon lafiya
Bayan an bude kwalbar, a yi amfani da ita cikin makonni 4 (multi-dose vial policy)
Ingancin alurar OPV:
Bayan allura 3+ (cikakken jadawali):
90-95% kariya daga shanye-shanye (paralysis) na polio ga duk nau'o'in
Tana samar da mucosal immunity wacce ke hana yaduwar kwayar cutar ta hanji
A kasashe masu zafi (tropical):
Ingancin OPV na iya raguwa kadan saboda mu'amala da wasu kwayoyin cuta a hanji (enteric pathogens)
Shi ya sa jadawalin NPI na Nijeriya na ba da allura 4 (OPV-0 zuwa OPV-3) tare da IPV
nOPV2:
Tana da inganci kamar mOPV2 wajen samar da kariya
Tana da karancin hadarin haifar da cVDPV — wannan babbar fa'ida ce
Nasarar OPV a Nijeriya:
OPV ita ce kayan aikin da aka fi amfani da ita wajen kawar da Wild Poliovirus a Nijeriya
Tare da yakin rigakafi mai karfi, an samu nasarar kawar da Wild Poliovirus a 2020
Kalubalen yanzu shi ne kawar da cVDPV2 — nOPV2 da IPV suna taimakawa
Manufar nan gaba:
WHO na shirin daina OPV gaba daya bayan an kawar da cutar Polio
Duk kasashe za su canza zuwa IPV kawai
Wannan zai kawar da hadarin VAPP da cVDPV
Mu'amalar alurar OPV da wasu magunguna:
Sauran allurar NPI: Ana ba da OPV tare da duk wasu allurar NPI — pentavalent, BCG, PCV, Rotavirus, IPV, Yellow Fever. Ba su da wata illa a juna.
Nono na uwa: Ba a bukatar tsayar da shayar da nono kafin ko bayan shan OPV ba. Bincike ya nuna cewa nono na uwa ba ya rage ingancin OPV sosai.
Magungunan kwayoyin cuta: Ba su da wata illa a kan OPV.
IPV: OPV da IPV suna aiki tare da kyau — hadin gwiwar su na ba da mafi kyawun kariya (mucosal + systemic immunity).
Matakan kariya:
cVDPV2 a Nijeriya:
Nijeriya na ci gaba da fama da barkewar cVDPV2 a wasu jihohi
NPHCDA na gudanar da yakin nOPV2 a yankunan da cutar ta barke
Dole ne duk yara su samu cikakken rigakafi — ba allura daya ko biyu ba
Yadda OPV ke aiki:
OPV ta baki ce — ana saka digon magani a bakin jarirai
Kwayar cutar alurar tana hayayyafa a cikin hanji kuma tana samar da kariya a can (mucosal immunity)
Wannan na kuma hana yaduwar kwayar cutar Polio ta hanji
A Nijeriya — yakin SIAs:
Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na zuwa gida gida don ba da OPV
Idan sun zo gidanku — KU BA YARA ALURAR. Ko da yaron ya riga ya samu allura, karin allura yana da amfani
A sanya alamar allura (marker) a yatsan yaron don nuna cewa ya samu
WHO Global Polio Eradication Initiative:
Manufar ita ce kawar da cutar Polio gaba daya a duniya
Bayan haka, za a daina amfani da OPV (saboda hadarin cVDPV) kuma a canza zuwa IPV kawai
| Allura | Alama | Kwanaki daga na baya | Kewayon shekaru |
|---|---|---|---|
| Allura 1 | bOPV | — | 0 watanni+ |
| Allura 1 | bOPV | — | — |
| Allura 1 | nOPV2 | — | — |
| Allura 2 | nOPV2 | 28d | — |
| Allura 2 | bOPV | 42d | 1 watanni+ |
| Allura 3 | bOPV | 28d | — |
| Allura 4 | bOPV | 28d | — |
Kun san allurar rigakafin da kuke bukata? Da kyau. Ba ku sani ba? Ku gaya mana inda kuke tafiya — za mu nemo allurar da ta dace da asibiti. Kyauta, ba tare da wani hakki ba.
Abun ciki a wannan shafin don bayani da ilimi ne kawai. Ba ya zama shawarar likita, gano cuta, ko shawarwarin magani ba. Idan kuna da damuwar lafiya, tuntuɓi ƙwararren ma’aikacin lafiya. Medova ba mai ba da sabis na likitanci ba ne.
Cikakkun sharuɗɗan amfani