Allurar Rigakafin Shan Inna ta Baki (OPV)

Wadanda ya kamata su samu alurar OPV:

Duk jarirai a Nijeriya (NPI):

• OPV-0 (birth dose): A haihuwa ko da zarar za a iya

• OPV-1: Makonni 6 (tare da Pentavalent-1)

• OPV-2: Makonni 10 (tare da Pentavalent-2)

• OPV-3: Makonni 14 (tare da Pentavalent-3 da IPV)

A yakin rigakafin na musamman (SIAs):

• NPHCDA na gudanar da yakin rigakafin Polio na musamman akai-akai

• Ana ba da OPV ga duk yara kasa da shekaru 5 — ko da sun riga sun samu alurar a baya

• Karin allura ba ya da illa — ya fi amfani

nOPV2 (a yakin gaggawa don cVDPV2):

• Ana ba da shi ga yara a yankunan da ake ganin barkewar cVDPV2

• NPHCDA na yanke shawara game da yankunan bisa bayanan NCDC da WHO

Ba a ba da alurar OPV ga wadannan mutane ba:

Masu matsanancin raunin garkuwar jiki: OPV alura mai rai ce — tana iya haifar da VAPP (vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis) ga masu raunin garkuwar jiki. Ana ba da IPV maimakon OPV ga wannan rukunin.

Yara masu SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency).

Bayani mai muhimmanci:

• Ba a hana ba da OPV ga yara masu HIV da ba su da alamun tsanani ba — WHO ta tabbatar da haka

• Ba a hana ba da ita ga yara masu gudawa ba — ana ba da ita amma ana iya bukatar sake ba da allura

• A yakin SIAs a Nijeriya, ba a da yawan hani — ana ba da ita ga kusan duk yara

Bambancin OPV da IPV:

• OPV: Mai rai — tana da hadarin VAPP (1 cikin miliyan 2.7) amma tana samar da mucosal immunity mafi kyau

• IPV: Ba mai rai ba — ba ta da hadarin VAPP amma ba ta samar da mucosal immunity sosai ba

Sakamako na alurar OPV:

Sakamako na yau da kullum: OPV tana daga cikin allurar da suka fi aminci — kusan babu sakamako na yau da kullum. Wasu jarirai na iya samun:

• Dan gudawa mai sauki (da wuya)

• Dan tashin zuciya

Sakamako masu tsanani (da wuya sosai):

• VAPP (Vaccine-Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis): 1 cikin miliyan 2.7 na allura ta farko. Wannan na faruwa ne lokacin da kwayar cutar da ke cikin alurar ta canza kuma ta haifar da shanye-shanye. Shi ya sa kasashe da yawa suka canza zuwa IPV.

• cVDPV (circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus): Idan kwayar cutar alurar ta yaduwa a al'ummar da ba ta da isassun rigakafi, tana iya canzawa kuma ta haifar da barkewar cutar. Wannan shi ne kalubalen da Nijeriya ke fuskanta da cVDPV2.

Bayani:

• Hadarin VAPP da cVDPV ya sa WHO ke ba da shawarar duk kasashe su gabatar da IPV kuma a yi shirin daina OPV a nan gaba

• nOPV2 ya fi aminci fiye da tsohon mOPV2 — yana da karancin hadarin haifar da cVDPV

Yadda ake ba da alurar OPV:

Hanyar ba da allura: Ta baki — ana saka digo 2 na magani a bakin jarirai. BA ALLURA BA — wannan ya sa OPV ta fi sauƙi a ba da ita fiye da IPV.

Jadawalin NPI na Nijeriya:

• OPV-0: A haihuwa (birth dose) — tare da BCG

• OPV-1: Makonni 6 — tare da Pentavalent-1

• OPV-2: Makonni 10 — tare da Pentavalent-2

• OPV-3: Makonni 14 — tare da Pentavalent-3 da IPV

Nau'o'in OPV:

• bOPV (bivalent): Yana kare daga types 1 da 3 — shi ne abin da ake amfani da shi a jadawalin NPI tun bayan tOPV→bOPV switch a 2016

• nOPV2 (novel type 2): Ana amfani da shi a yakin gaggawa don magance cVDPV2

• mOPV2 (monovalent type 2): Tsohon nau'i — an maye gurbinsa da nOPV2

Ajiye alurar:

• -20°C (frozen) don ajiya na tsawon lokaci

• 2-8°C a wuraren kiwon lafiya

• Bayan an bude kwalbar, a yi amfani da ita cikin makonni 4 (multi-dose vial policy)

Ingancin alurar OPV:

Bayan allura 3+ (cikakken jadawali):

• 90-95% kariya daga shanye-shanye (paralysis) na polio ga duk nau'o'in

• Tana samar da mucosal immunity wacce ke hana yaduwar kwayar cutar ta hanji

A kasashe masu zafi (tropical):

• Ingancin OPV na iya raguwa kadan saboda mu'amala da wasu kwayoyin cuta a hanji (enteric pathogens)

• Shi ya sa jadawalin NPI na Nijeriya na ba da allura 4 (OPV-0 zuwa OPV-3) tare da IPV

nOPV2:

• Tana da inganci kamar mOPV2 wajen samar da kariya

• Tana da karancin hadarin haifar da cVDPV — wannan babbar fa'ida ce

Nasarar OPV a Nijeriya:

• OPV ita ce kayan aikin da aka fi amfani da ita wajen kawar da Wild Poliovirus a Nijeriya

• Tare da yakin rigakafi mai karfi, an samu nasarar kawar da Wild Poliovirus a 2020

• Kalubalen yanzu shi ne kawar da cVDPV2 — nOPV2 da IPV suna taimakawa

Manufar nan gaba:

• WHO na shirin daina OPV gaba daya bayan an kawar da cutar Polio

• Duk kasashe za su canza zuwa IPV kawai

• Wannan zai kawar da hadarin VAPP da cVDPV

Mu'amalar alurar OPV da wasu magunguna:

Sauran allurar NPI: Ana ba da OPV tare da duk wasu allurar NPI — pentavalent, BCG, PCV, Rotavirus, IPV, Yellow Fever. Ba su da wata illa a juna.

Nono na uwa: Ba a bukatar tsayar da shayar da nono kafin ko bayan shan OPV ba. Bincike ya nuna cewa nono na uwa ba ya rage ingancin OPV sosai.

Magungunan kwayoyin cuta: Ba su da wata illa a kan OPV.

IPV: OPV da IPV suna aiki tare da kyau — hadin gwiwar su na ba da mafi kyawun kariya (mucosal + systemic immunity).

Matakan kariya:

cVDPV2 a Nijeriya:

• Nijeriya na ci gaba da fama da barkewar cVDPV2 a wasu jihohi

• NPHCDA na gudanar da yakin nOPV2 a yankunan da cutar ta barke

• Dole ne duk yara su samu cikakken rigakafi — ba allura daya ko biyu ba

Yadda OPV ke aiki:

• OPV ta baki ce — ana saka digon magani a bakin jarirai

• Kwayar cutar alurar tana hayayyafa a cikin hanji kuma tana samar da kariya a can (mucosal immunity)

• Wannan na kuma hana yaduwar kwayar cutar Polio ta hanji

A Nijeriya — yakin SIAs:

• Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na zuwa gida gida don ba da OPV

• Idan sun zo gidanku — KU BA YARA ALURAR. Ko da yaron ya riga ya samu allura, karin allura yana da amfani

• A sanya alamar allura (marker) a yatsan yaron don nuna cewa ya samu

WHO Global Polio Eradication Initiative:

• Manufar ita ce kawar da cutar Polio gaba daya a duniya

• Bayan haka, za a daina amfani da OPV (saboda hadarin cVDPV) kuma a canza zuwa IPV kawai