Ciwon ƙarfin tsoka

Wadanda ya kamata su samu alurar IPV:

Duk jarirai a cikin jadawalin NPI na Nijeriya: NPHCDA ta sa IPV a jadawalin NPI — ana ba da allura daya a makonni 14 tare da pentavalent ta uku da OPV-3.

Yaran da ba su kammala jadawalin ba: Duk yaron da bai samu cikakken rigakafin Polio ba ya kamata a ba shi.

Matafiya: Duk wanda ke tafiya zuwa kasashen da cutar Polio ko cVDPV ke yaduwa ya kamata ya tabbatar cewa yana da cikakken rigakafi.

Manya da ba su taba samun rigakafin Polio ba: Musamman ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da matafiya.

Lokacin barkewar cVDPV2: NPHCDA na gudanar da yakin rigakafin gaggawa inda ake amfani da nOPV2 (novel oral polio vaccine type 2) a yankunan da cutar ta barke.

WHO ta ba da shawarar: Duk kasashen duniya su gabatar da akalla allura daya na IPV a cikin jadawalin su, tare da OPV inda ake amfani da ita.

Ba a ba da alurar IPV ga wadannan mutane ba:

Matsanancin rashin lafiyar abubuwan da ke cikin allurar: Musamman rashin lafiyar neomycin, streptomycin, ko polymyxin B wadanda ake amfani da su wajen samar da alurar.

Rashin lafiya mai tsanani tare da zazzabi: Sai a jinkirta har sai ya warke.

Bayani mai muhimmanci: IPV tana da karancin contraindications sosai saboda ba ta dauke da kwayar cutar mai rai ba. Ba a hana ba da ita ga:

• Mata masu juna biyu — tana da aminci

• Masu HIV — tana da aminci kuma ana ba da shawarar

• Masu raunin garkuwar jiki — TANA DA AMINCI (sabanin OPV da ba a ba da ita ga masu raunin garkuwar jiki ba)

• Yara da ba su da lafiya sosai — sai dai idan rashin lafiyar ya yi tsanani

Wannan ita ce babbar fa'idar IPV akan OPV — tana da aminci ga duk mutane.

Sakamako na alurar IPV:

Sakamako na yau da kullum (masu sauki, marasa yawa):

• Zafin wurin allura da jan fata (kasa da 30%)

• Dan kumburin wuri

• Dan zazzabi (kasa da 5%)

• Fushi a yara kanana

IPV tana daga cikin allurar da suka fi aminci — sakamako masu tsanani ba su da yawa kwata-kwata.

Sakamako masu tsanani: Da wuya sosai — kasa da 1 cikin miliyan allura.

Fa'idar IPV akan OPV game da aminci:

• IPV ba za ta taba haifar da VAPP (vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis) ba — wannan sakamako ne mai tsanani da OPV ke iya haifarwa (kusan 1 cikin miliyan 2.7)

• IPV ba za ta taba haifar da cVDPV ba — wannan babbar fa'ida ce

Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa WHO ke ba da shawarar duk kasashe su gabatar da IPV, kuma a yi shirin canzawa daga OPV zuwa IPV gaba daya nan gaba.

Yadda ake ba da alurar IPV:

Hanyar ba da allura: Cikin tsoka (IM) ko karkashin fata (SC). 0.5 mL ga kowace allura.

A cikin jadawalin NPI na Nijeriya:

• Allura daya na IPV a makonni 14 (tare da OPV-3 da Pentavalent-3)

• WHO ta ba da shawarar akalla allura 1 na IPV a cikin jadawalin

Jadawali na cikakken IPV (ga kasashen da suka daina amfani da OPV):

• Allura a watanni 2, 4, 6-18, da shekaru 4-6

• Nijeriya ba ta amfani da wannan jadawali ba tukuna — har yanzu tana amfani da OPV+IPV

nOPV2 (novel OPV type 2) — a yakin gaggawa:

• Ba allurar IPV ba ce amma tana da muhimmanci a Nijeriya

• An samar da ita ne don magance cVDPV2

• WHO ta ba da izinin amfani da ita ta hanyar Emergency Use Listing (EUL) a 2020

Ajiye alurar: 2-8°C a cikin sarkar sanyi. Kada a daskare.

NPHCDA da Gavi: Gavi na tallafawa Nijeriya wajen siyan IPV don jadawalin NPI.

Ingancin alurar IPV:

Bayan allura 3 (cikakken jadawali):

• 99-100% kariya daga shanye-shanye (paralysis) na polio ga duk nau'o'i uku (types 1, 2, 3)

• Kariya tana dawwama shekaru da yawa, yiwuwa tsawon rayuwa tare da immune memory

Bayan allura daya (kamar yadda ake yi a NPI na Nijeriya):

• Kusan 50% kariya — shi ya sa OPV da IPV ake amfani da su tare

• Allura daya na IPV ta fi inganci ga type 2 fiye da types 1 da 3

Kwatanta IPV da OPV:

• IPV: Tana samar da kariya a jini (systemic immunity) — tana hana shanye-shanye amma ba ta hana yaduwar kwayar cutar ta hanji sosai

• OPV: Tana samar da kariya a hanji (mucosal immunity) — tana hana yaduwar kwayar cutar amma tana da hadarin VAPP da cVDPV

• Hadin IPV+OPV: Ya fi kowanne shi kadai

A Nijeriya:

• Bayan gabatar da IPV a 2015, kariyar yara daga Polio type 2 ta inganta sosai

• Wannan yana da muhimmanci musamman bayan cire OPV type 2 daga jadawalin yau da kullum (tOPV→bOPV switch a 2016)

• NCDC da NPHCDA na ci gaba da sa ido kan duk shari'o'in AFP (Acute Flaccid Paralysis) don gano ko cutar Polio ce

Mu'amalar alurar IPV da wasu magunguna:

OPV (oral polio vaccine): Ana iya ba da IPV tare da OPV a lokaci guda — a hakika, wannan shi ne abin da ake yi a jadawalin NPI na Nijeriya inda IPV da OPV-3 ake ba su tare a makonni 14. Hadin gwiwa na IPV da OPV na ba da mafi kyawun kariya.

Sauran allurar jadawalin: Ana iya ba da IPV tare da pentavalent, PCV, Rotavirus, da sauran allurar NPI ba tare da wata matsala ba.

Magunguna masu rage garkuwar jiki: IPV tana da aminci ga masu raunin garkuwar jiki (sabanin OPV). Amma ingancin alurar na iya raguwa — ana iya bukatar karin allura.

Immunoglobulin: Ba ya shafar ingancin IPV saboda ba alura mai rai ba ce.

Pregnancy: Safe.

IPV (inactivated poliovirus vaccine) is safe during pregnancy.

• Can be administered if the pregnant woman is at risk of polio exposure (travel to endemic areas: Afghanistan, Pakistan).

• No teratogenic effects observed.

• Pregnant women who need polio vaccination should receive IPV, never OPV.

Breastfeeding: Safe — no restrictions.

IPV is an inactivated vaccine and is completely safe during breastfeeding. No modification to breastfeeding schedule required.

Pediatric use:

• Part of routine childhood immunization schedule worldwide.

• Schedule (US/ACIP): 4 doses at 2, 4, 6–18 months, 4–6 years. Often given as part of combination vaccines (hexavalent: DTaP-IPV-Hib-HepB).

• Minimum age: 6 weeks.

• IPV does not cause vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) — this risk exists only with OPV.

• Immunocompromised children must receive IPV (never OPV).

• Dose: 0.5 mL IM or SC (all ages).

Geriatric use:

• Adults with a completed primary series need only 1 lifetime booster if traveling to polio-endemic areas.

• Unvaccinated adults: 3-dose series (0, 1–2, 6–12 months).

• No upper age limit. No dose adjustment required.

• Polio eradication is near-complete — endemic transmission persists only in Afghanistan and Pakistan (as of 2024).

Matakan kariya:

cVDPV2 a Nijeriya:

• Nijeriya na ci gaba da fama da barkewar cVDPV2 a wasu jihohi

• NPHCDA na gudanar da yakin rigakafin gaggawa inda ake amfani da nOPV2 (novel OPV2)

• Dole ne a tabbatar cewa duk yara sun samu cikakken rigakafi don kawar da cVDPV2

Tsarin rigakafin Polio a Nijeriya (NPI):

• OPV-0 a haihuwa

• OPV-1 + Pentavalent-1 a makonni 6

• OPV-2 + Pentavalent-2 a makonni 10

• OPV-3 + Pentavalent-3 + IPV a makonni 14

Bayani ga iyaye:

• Dole ne a tabbatar cewa yara sun samu DUK allurar Polio — ba allura daya ba

• Yakin rigakafin na musamman (SIAs) — idan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya sun zo gida don ba da alurar Polio, a ba yaron ko da ya riga ya samu alurar a baya

• Karin allura ba ya da illa — ya fi amfani

WHO Global Polio Eradication Initiative: Nijeriya na cikin kasashe masu muhimmanci a tsarin kawar da cutar Polio a duniya. IPV na taimakawa wajen kara kariya musamman daga type 2.