Cutar Typhoid

Wadanda ya kamata su samu alurar:

Yara da manya a yankunan da cutar ke yaduwa: WHO ta ba da shawarar gabatar da TCV a cikin jadawalin rigakafin kasashe masu yawan cutar, farawa da yara masu watanni 6 zuwa sama.

Matafiya: Duk wanda ke tafiya zuwa yankunan da cutar Typhoid ke yaduwa sosai — musamman kudancin Asiya da Afirka ta Yamma — ya kamata ya samu alurar.

Ma'aikatan dakunan gwaje-gwaje: Wadanda ke mu'amala da kwayar Salmonella typhi.

Mutanen da ke zaune tare da mai dauke da cutar: Abokan gida na masu dauke da cutar chronic typhoid carriers.

Lokacin barkewar annoba: NCDC na iya ba da shawarar yakin rigakafin gaggawa a yankunan da ake ganin barkewar cutar.

Sojojin da ma'aikatan agaji: Wadanda za a tura su yankunan da ba su da tsafta ko ruwan sha mai tsafta.

Ba a ba da alurar Typhoid injectable ga wadannan mutane ba:

Vi Polysaccharide Vaccine (ViPS):

• Yara kasa da shekaru 2 — ba ta da inganci a wannan shekarun

• Mutanen da suka taba samun anaphylaxis bayan shan alurar

Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV — Typbar-TCV):

• Jarirai kasa da watanni 6

• Mutanen da ke da rashin lafiyar abubuwan da ke cikin allurar

Ga duk nau'o'in:

• Rashin lafiya mai tsanani tare da zazzabi — sai a jinkirta alurar har sai ya warke

Bayani: Ba a hana ba da alurar ga mata masu juna biyu ko masu shayar da nono ba idan hadarin cutar ya yi yawa. WHO ta ce TCV tana da aminci a lokacin juna biyu bisa bayanan da ake da su.

Sakamako na alurar Typhoid injectable:

Vi Polysaccharide (ViPS):

• Zafin wurin allura da kumburin wuri (19-38%)

• Zazzabi mai sauki (5-10%)

• Ciwon kai (10-15%)

• Gajiya da rashin jin dadi

Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV):

• Zafin wurin allura (10-20%)

• Zazzabi mai sauki (3-7%)

• Ciwon kai

• Rashin cin abinci na dan lokaci

Wadannan sakamako suna warwarewa cikin kwanaki 1-3.

Sakamako masu tsanani: Da wuya sosai. Anaphylaxis kasa da 1 cikin miliyan allura. Alurar Typhoid injectable tana daga cikin allurar da suka fi aminci.

Yadda ake ba da alurar:

Vi Polysaccharide (ViPS):

• Allura guda daya: 0.5 mL, cikin tsoka (IM)

• Shekaru: 2+

• Booster: Kowace shekaru 3 idan har yanzu ana cikin hadari

Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV — Typbar-TCV):

• Allura guda daya: 0.5 mL, cikin tsoka (IM)

• Shekaru: Watanni 6+ (ya fi ViPS — yana aiki ga yara kanana)

• Booster: Ba a tabbatar da bukatar booster ba tukuna — bincike na ci gaba

Ajiye alurar:

• 2-8°C a cikin sarkar sanyi

• Kada a daskare

• Bayan an bude kwalbar multi-dose, a yi amfani bisa ka'idojin WHO (awanni 6 ga ViPS)

Samuwar a Nijeriya: NAFDAC ta amince da nau'o'in ViPS da TCV daban-daban. Gavi na tallafawa gabatar da TCV a kasashen da ke da yawan cutar.

Ingancin alurar Typhoid injectable:

Vi Polysaccharide (ViPS):

• Inganci: 55-72% a cikin shekaru 3 na farko

• Kariya ta fara raguwa bayan shekaru 2-3

• Ba ta samar da immune memory ba — shi ya sa ake bukatar booster

Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV — Typbar-TCV):

• Inganci: 81-85% a nazarin da aka yi a Nepal, Bangladesh, da Malawi

• Tana samar da immune memory — kariya ta fi dawwama

• Tana aiki ga yara masu watanni 6+ — babban ci gaba

Kamanceceniya: TCV ta fi ViPS a kusan duk fannonin: inganci, tsawon kariya, shekarun da ake fara ba da ita, da immune memory. WHO ta ba da shawarar kasashe su zauna da TCV a cikin jadawalin su.

A Nijeriya: NCDC na sa ido kan cutar Typhoid ta hanyar tsarin sa ido kan cututtuka. Yawan nau'o'in Salmonella typhi masu juriya ga ciprofloxacin da azithromycin ya kara muhimmancin rigakafin ta hanyar allura.

Mu'amalar alurar Typhoid injectable da wasu magunguna:

Wasu allurar: Ana iya ba da alurar Typhoid injectable tare da duk wasu allurar (Yellow Fever, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Meningococcal, da sauransu) a wurare daban-daban na jiki. Ba su da wata illa a juna.

Magungunan rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro: Chloroquine, mefloquine, da sauransu — ba su da wata illa akan ingancin alurar.

Magunguna masu rage garkuwar jiki: Na iya rage ingancin alurar amma ba a hana ba da ita ba.

Magungunan kwayoyin cuta (antibiotics): Ba su da wata illa akan alurar injectable (sabanin alurar oral typhoid).

Pregnancy: Safe if travel warrants vaccination.

Injectable typhoid ViCPS (Vi polysaccharide) vaccine is an inactivated subunit vaccine and is considered safe during pregnancy when the risk of typhoid fever warrants vaccination.

• Limited formal studies in pregnancy, but extensive post-marketing experience with no safety signals.

• Preferred over oral Ty21a (live vaccine) during pregnancy.

• WHO recommends vaccination for pregnant travelers to highly endemic areas (South Asia in particular).

Breastfeeding: Safe — no restrictions.

Injectable typhoid ViCPS vaccine is inactivated and poses no risk during breastfeeding. No modification to breastfeeding or vaccination schedule is required.

Pediatric use:

• Injectable ViCPS: licensed from 2 years of age.

• Children <2 years: ViCPS is not effective due to T-cell-independent polysaccharide response immaturity.

• Typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV, e.g., Typbar-TCV): licensed from 6 months — preferred for young children in endemic settings (WHO prequalified).

• Single 0.5 mL IM dose. Revaccinate every 2–3 years if continued exposure.

Geriatric use:

• No specific age-related concerns. Standard dose and schedule apply.

• Immune response may be slightly reduced in elderly adults, but clinically protective levels are typically achieved.

• Food and water precautions remain essential regardless of vaccination status.

Matakan kariya:

Lokacin da ya fi dacewa: A samu alurar akalla makonni 2 kafin tafiya don ba da damar garkuwar jiki ta yi aiki.

Tunatar da matafiya: Alurar ba ta ba da kariya 100% ba — dole ne a ci gaba da matakan tsafta: shan ruwan da aka tafasa ko ruwan kwalba, cin abinci da aka dafa sabuwa, wanke hannu akai-akai.

TCV vs ViPS: WHO ta fi ba da shawarar TCV saboda:

• Tana aiki ga yara masu watanni 6+

• Tana ba da kariya mafi tsawo

• Tana samar da immune memory

A Nijeriya: NCDC na ci gaba da sa ido kan nau'o'in Salmonella typhi da ke yaduwa, musamman nau'o'in da suka samu juriya ga magungunan kwayoyin cuta (antimicrobial resistance). Wannan ya kara muhimmancin alurar rigakafi.