Bayanin gabaɗaya
Ciwon hanta B kwayar cuta ce da hepatitis B virus (HBV) ke haifarwa. Tana shafar hanta kuma tana iya zama cuta ta dindindin wanda ke haifar da cirrhosis da kansar hanta.
Alamomi
Alamomi | Yawan faruwa | Tsanani | Farawa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gajiya | 70% | Dan kadan | Farkon cuta |
| Rashin son ci | 60% | Dan kadan | Farkon cuta |
| Rashin jin daɗi | 65% | Dan kadan | Farkon cuta |
| Tashin zuciya | 55% | Dan kadan | Farkon cuta |
| Ciwon gaɓoɓi | 25% | Dan kadan | Farkon cuta |
| Zazzabi | 30% | Dan kadan | Farkon cuta |
| Ciwon tsoka | 30% | Dan kadan | Farkon cuta |
| Amai | 35% | Dan kadan | Farkon cuta |
| Zawo | 15% | Dan kadan | Farkon cuta |
| Ciwon kai | 25% | Dan kadan | Farkon cuta |
| Kumburin haɗin gaɓoɓi | 10% | Dan kadan | Farkon cuta |
| Ƙurji | 15% | Dan kadan | Farkon cuta |
| Kumburin ƙwayoyin lymph | 10% | Dan kadan | Farkon cuta |
| Ciwon ciki | 50% | Matsakaici | Kololuwar cuta |
| Duhuwar fitsari | 45% | Matsakaici | Kololuwar cuta |
| Kumburin hanta | 50% | Dan kadan | Kololuwar cuta |
| Shanƙe | 40% | Matsakaici | Kololuwar cuta |
| Ƙaiƙayi | 20% | Dan kadan | Kololuwar cuta |
| Kumburin saifa | 15% | Dan kadan | Kololuwar cuta |
| Raguwar nauyi | 15% | Dan kadan | Kowane lokaci |
Hanyoyin yaduwa
Bayanin gabaɗaya
Ciwon hanta na B cuta ce mai hatsarin gaske ga hanta wanda kwayar cutar hanta B (HBV) ke haddasa shi, kwayar cutar DNA daga dangin Hepadnaviridae. Yana yaduwa ta hanyar jini da ruwan jiki (daga uwa zuwa jariri, jima'i, allura). Kusan mutane miliyan 296 ne ke dauke da cutar a duniya, kusan mutuwar 820,000/shekara saboda lalacewar hanta da kansa na hanta. Akwai allurar rigakafi mai inganci sosai.
Bayanin gabaɗaya
Ciwon hanta na B (Hepatitis B) kwayar cutar HBV ce ke haddasa shi. Kwayar cutar tana da karfin yaduwa sau 50–100 fiye da HIV. Hanyoyin yaduwa: ta jini (needles, kayan aski, kayan aski na gargajiya), ta hanyar jima'i, da daga uwa zuwa jariri (vertical transmission). Kashi 90% na jarirai da suka kamu suna samun cuta ta dindindin (chronic infection). Najeriya tana da yawan kamuwa da cuta mai girma sosai — kusan kashi 8–10% na manya suna dauke da HBsAg. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta kiyasta miliyan 254 na masu cuta ta dindindin a duniya.
Allurar rigakafi tana samuwa a cikin jadawalin rigakafin yara na NPHCDA — allura a haihuwa (birth dose) tare da jerin allurai na farko (primary series). A Najeriya, allura ta haihuwa ita ce mabudin hana yaduwa daga uwa zuwa jariri. Cuta ce da dole a bayar da rahotonta.
Alamomin gaggawa
Yellowing mai tsanani (jaundice) + ruduwar kwakwalwa (hepatic encephalopathy). Zubar da jini ba tare da dalili ba. Kumburin ciki (ascites). Amai na jini.
Cikakkun alamomi
Alamomi da alamu mafi yawa
Lokacin kwanciyar cuta: Kwanaki 45–180. Mai tsanani: gajiya, yellowing na fata da idanu (jaundice/shanye), ciwo a gefen dama na ciki. Na dindindin (ba tare da alamun cuta ba tsawon shekaru da yawa): taurin hanta (cirrhosis), ciwon daji na hanta (hepatocellular carcinoma). Matsaloli a wajen hanta: kumburin jijiyoyin jini (polyarteritis nodosa), cutar koda (glomerulonephritis).
Sanin alamomi shine mataki na farko don amsa cikin sauri.
Tafiyar cuta
Matakan cutar hanta B:
- Lokacin ɓoye cuta: Kwanaki 45–180 (matsakaici kwanaki 60–90).
- Matakin kamuwa ta ɗan lokaci:
- Alamun farko (mako 1–2): gajiya, rashin sha'awar abinci, tashin zuciya, ciwon dama na ciki, ciwon gaɓoɓi.
- Matakin rawaya: rawaya a cikin 30% na manya (ba kasafai a yara ba). Fitsarin duhu, kashin fari. ALT ya kai kololuwa 1,000–3,000 IU/L. Tsawon lokaci: wata 1–3.
- Kamuwa ba tare da rawaya ba: ~70% na manya, sau da yawa ba a gano su ba.
- Warkarwa ko zama na dindindin:
- Manya: ɓacewar HBsAg cikin watanni 6 a cikin fiye da 95%. Samuwar anti-HBs na nuna warkarwa.
- Zama na dindindin: HBsAg ya ci gaba fiye da watanni 6. Matakai: juriyar rigakafi → rigakafi mai aiki → mai ɗauke da cuta mara aiki → sake kunna (ci gaba daban-daban).
- Matakan na dindindin: Cutar hanta mai HBeAg-tabbatacce → juyawar HBeAg → cutar hanta marar HBeAg → yanayin mai ɗauke da cuta mara aiki.
Jadawalin gwajin jini: HBsAg ya bayyana mako 1–10 bayan kamuwa, kafin alamomi. Anti-HBc IgM na nuna kamuwa ta ɗan lokaci. Anti-HBs na nuna warkarwa da rigakafi.
Binciken cuta
Yadda ake gano wannan cutar
HBsAg (cuta mai aiki). Anti-HBs (kariya/rigakafi). Anti-HBc IgM/IgG. HBeAg. HBV-DNA. Duban ultrasound da gwajin AFP kowane wata 6 (binciken ciwon daji na hanta). Bayar da rahoto dole ne.
Magani
Hanyoyin magani da ake da su
Mai tsanani: tallafin jiki. Na dindindin: Tenofovir 245 mg/rana ko Entecavir 0.5–1 mg/rana. Pegylated interferon: zabi na wani lokaci. Manufar magani: rage HBV-DNA zuwa matakin da ba a iya gano shi.
Yawancin lokuta ana magance su yadda ya kamata tare da gano cutar da wuri.
Cikakkun bayanin rigakafi
Yadda za ka kare kanka
Allurar rigakafi: allura a haihuwa (cikin sa'o'i 24) + jerin allurai na farko. Tana cikin jadawalin NPHCDA. Rigakafi bayan fuskanci cutar: HBIG + allura cikin sa'o'i <12 (jarirai na uwaye masu HBsAg+). Gwajin duk mata masu ciki. A Najeriya, bukata ta musamman ita ce kara yawan allurar haihuwa (birth dose coverage) — har yanzu kasa.
Shirye-shirye shine mafi kyawun kariya.
Shawarar tafiya
A yi allurar rigakafi kafin tafiya zuwa Najeriya da sauran kasashen Yammacin Afirka. Twinrix (Hepatitis A+B). A guji ayyukan likita a wuraren da ba a tabbatar da tsafta ba. A guji kayan aski na gargajiya.
Yaya yawancinta?
Ƙididdiga da bayanan yanki
Najeriya tana da kashi ~8–10% na kamuwa — daya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya. Yammacin Afirka baki daya tana da yawan kamuwa mai girma. Ingancin rigakafin yara yana rage kamuwa cikin sabon tsara amma manya da yawa har yanzu suna dauke da cutar ba tare da sanin hakan ba.
Dalilan haɗari
Wanene ke cikin haɗarin mafi girma
Uwa mai HBsAg (babban abin hadari a duniya), rashin allurar rigakafi, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, masu amfani da miyagun kwayoyi ta allura, masu abokan jima'i da yawa, MSM, mutanen gida, zama a yankunan da cutar ta yadu, mutanen da ake wanke musu jini.
Cikakkun bayanan matsaloli
Rikitarwa da za ta iya faruwa
Taurin hanta (cirrhosis): bayan shekaru 20–30 na cuta ta dindindin. Ciwon daji na hanta (hepatocellular carcinoma): hadari mai girma musamman a Najeriya saboda yawan kamuwa. Gazawar hanta (liver failure). A Najeriya, ciwon hanta na B yana daga cikin manyan dalilan ciwon daji na hanta.
Murmurewa da hasashe
Sakamakon da ake tsammani da murmurewa
Hasashen kamuwa ta ɗan lokaci: Fiye da 95% na manya masu ƙarfin rigakafi suna kawar da ƙwayar cutar da kansu. Mummunar cutar hanta tana faruwa a ƙasa da 1% na marasa lafiya amma tana da kashi 60–80% na mutuwa ba tare da dashen hanta ba.
Hasashen kamuwa na dindindin:
-
Haɗarin zama na dindindin yana da alaƙa da shekarun kamuwa: 90% a jariran da aka haifa, 30% a yara masu shekaru 1–5, ƙasa da 5% a manya.
-
Daga cikin masu ɗauke da ita na dindindin: 15–40% na haɓaka taurin hanta (cirrhosis), ciwon dajin hanta (HCC), ko gazawar hanta cikin shekaru da yawa.
-
Haɗarin HCC: sau 100 fiye da al'ummar da ba su kamu ba. Yawan HCC na shekara-shekara a cikin masu cirrhosis: 2–5%.
-
Da maganin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta (tenofovir, entecavir): an sami nasarar rage ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin fiye da 95%, akwai yiwuwar warkar da taurin hanta, haɗarin HCC ya ragu sosai amma bai ƙare ba.
Cikakkiyar warkarwa (ɓacewar HBsAg): An samu a ƙasa da 10% tare da maganin yanzu. HBV DNA na ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin cccDNA a cikin ƙwayoyin hanta har abada.
